Factors influencing international collaboration on the prevention of COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES: COVID-19 has spread rapidly throughout the world, which has highlighted the importance of collaboration between countries to prevent further transmission of the virus. This review aims to identify the factors that influence international collaboration between policymakers for COVID-19 prevention and consider strategies to manage pandemics in the future. STUDY DESIGN: A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework for scoping reviews. METHODS: A literature search was performed across PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Embase databases using relevant keywords. The initial search identified 1010 articles; after selection criteria were applied, 28 studies were included in the review. RESULTS: Most of the selected articles were literature reviews, and China had the greatest contribution of articles to this study. The following seven key categories influencing international collaboration were identified: political, structure, infrastructure, leadership and governance, knowledge and information sharing, community engagement, and process/action. CONCLUSION: Leadership and governance was the most important factor identified in international collaboration between countries. In addition, knowledge and information sharing were seen to help avoid repetition of negative situations experienced in other countries. Moreover, controlling COVID-19 on a global scale is more likely to be achieved when there are sufficient structures and resources and when appropriate communication between countries, health systems and communities is used. This collaboration can also greatly benefit low- and middle-income countries where resources and expertise are often limited.

[Effects of cholestasis on hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in rats]. / Efectos de la colestasis sobre la toxicidad hepatica del acetaminofen en ratas.

Acetaminophen high doses toxicity has been reported in clinical and experimental studies in relation with cytochrome P-450. (Acetaminophen metabolite). Thinking that biliary tract obstructions hould increases drugs toxicity because interferes toxic substances excretion or it modify the activity of P-450 we decided to study acetaminophen toxicity in rats with biliary tract obstruction. Male sprague Dawley rats were used (body weight 250-400 gr) in two groups: Group I control (6 rats) with choledoco bile duct ligated; two doses of saline solution 0.9% Intraperitoneal, 0.2 ml/100 gr. were administrated. Group II (Same surgical intervention) received two doses of acetaminophen (intraperitoneal) solution (400 mg/Kg). This group was divided in two (6 rats each), one of this was sacrificed at 48 h. and the other one at 120 h. after acetaminophen injection. Total, direct and indirect bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, ALT and AST transaminases, hematology study, liver weight, histological studies of liver and kidney were performed in all rats. High incidence of liver necrosis ans significative transaminases increases were found in group II. Our results were discussed taking account that recent biliary tract obstruction increase acetaminophen toxicity, at a half doses reported in other studies. It is possible that mixed oxidation system activity of cytochrome P-450 was increased in our research.

Uso del diazoxido, en infusion intravenosa lenta, en el tratamiento agudo de la hipertension arterial. / Use of diazoxide, in slow intravenous infusions, in the acute treatment of arterial hypertension

Los autores estudiaron diez casos de hipertension arterial durante el embarazo, sometiendolos a tratamiento agudo con diazoxido endovenoso lento (10 a 20 minutos), en dos grupos de cinco pacientes cada uno.El primero recibio el diazoxido en dosis de 30 mg/min., y el segundo en dosis de 45 mg/min. En promedio la presion arterial sistolica descendio en 79 mm de Hg (40%) y la presion diastolica en 51 mm (38%). Este descenso se mantuvo hasta los 120 minutos despues de haberse iniciado la infusion.El pulso no vario significativamente a lo largo del experimento. No hubo efectos secundarios importantes en la madre, ni en la dinamica uterina, ni en la frecuencia cardiaca fetal. El diazoxido es una excelente alternativa para el tratamiento agudo de la hipertension arterial cuando se desea combinar facilidad de administracion, reduccion paulatina de la presion arterial, disminucion de los riesgos de hipoperfusion esplacnica aguda